Guns and Drugs in Pennsylvania and New Jersey Federal Courts

Federal law imposes severe penalties on the possession of a firearm during a federal drug trafficking offense. Specifically, Section 924(c) requires a federal judge to impose certain consecutive mandatory minimum sentences where a defendant:

A) uses or carries a firearm;

I) during and in relation to any crime of violence which may be prosecuted in a court of the United States; or

ii) during a drug trafficking offense which may be prosecuted in a court of the United States; or

B) possesses a firearm in furtherance of such offense.

This means that there are three ways that a defendant can be prosecuted for having a gun while selling drugs. The defendant can be prosecuted for 1) the use of the weapon during the crime, 2) carrying the weapon while committing the crime, or 3) possessing a firearm in furtherance of the underlying crime.

In order to show that a defendant used a gun during a drug trafficking offense, prosecutors must show the active employment of the firearm. This generally means actually using the gun in the common sense of the word - firing it, attempting to fire it, displaying it, brandishing it, or striking someone with it. Simply having a gun nearby for protection is unlikely to qualify as the use of the firearm.

It is often easier for the prosecution to prove that someone “carried” a firearm during a federal drug trafficking offense than that the person used it. For example, carry has often been interpreted as being synonymous with possessed, and there are two types of possession. First, there is actual possession in which a defendant physically has a gun on his person such as in a pocket. Second, there is a constructive possession. Constructive possession is a doctrine which means simply that the person has dominion and control over the gun. This allows for a prosecution even where the defendant does not physically have the gun on them such as where a gun is hidden somewhere in a car. Constructive possession is harder to prove because prosecutors are not always able to show that the defendant actually knew about or controlled the gun.

Finally, prosecutors can show that a gun was used in furtherance of a specified crime by showing that the gun was possessed, either actually or constructively, during and in relation to a gun crime. This generally means that “the defendant intended the weapon to be available for use during the drug transaction, that the defendant availed himself of the weapon and that the weapon played an integral role in the drug offense.” Thus, this is a higher bar to prove than possession or simply use.

What is a drug trafficking crime that would trigger the mandatory minimum?

Federal law also provides the definition for a drug trafficking crime. Under 18 U.S.C. Section 924(c), a drug trafficking crime is:

[A]ny felony punishable under the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. § 801, et seq. ), the Controlled Substances Import and Export Act (21 U.S.C. § 951, et seq. (importation, transshipment of controlled substances), or chapter 705 of titl e 46. [46 U.S.C. App. §1901, et seq. (manufacture, distribution or possession with intent of controlled substances on board vessels)].”

Whether a specific offense qualifies as drug trafficking crime is sometimes the subject of litigation, but this mandatory minimum generally applies to the sale of drugs while possessing a firearm.

It is important to note that a defendant could also face vicarious liability, meaning that if a co-defendant or co-conspirator used a gun as part of a drug trafficking offense, the defendant could be on the hook for the co-defendant’s mandatory minimum if the defendant knew or it was reasonably foreseeable that the co-conspirator would have a gun.

What is the federal mandatory minimum for possessing a gun while selling drugs?

The mandatory minimums for possessing a gun while selling drugs can be staggering in federal court. For example, a first offense carries a mandatory minimum of five years consecutive to any other sentence. If the firearm was brandished, then the mandatory minimum increases to seven years. If the firearm was fired or was an illegal shotgun or rifle, then the mandatory minimum becomes ten years. Finally, if the gun was a machine gun or a destructive device like a bomb, then the mandatory minimum is thirty years.

The penalties become even more severe for a second or subsequent offense. For a second offense, the mandatory minimum becomes 25-years or life for a machine gun or bomb. If a death results from the use of the gun, then the penalties can be even worse.

It is important to note that these mandatory minimums are only the minimum sentence that a federal just must impose following a conviction and that the judge can actually impose more time than the mandatory minimum. The Third Circuit Court of Appeals, which handles appeals arising from federal cases in Philadelphia and New Jersey, has ruled that although the statute does not explicitly reference a maximum potential sentence, a violation of 924(c) can actually be punished by a maximum sentence of life in prison.

What are the defenses to charges of possessing a gun while committing a drug trafficking offense?

Fortunately, there are defenses to these serious charges. As with many possessory offenses, the defenses could include:

• Motions to Suppress. If the police or federal agents did something illegal during the investigation of the case, it may be possible to have the drugs or guns and the charges dismissed. For example, if agents raided a home without a search warrant and found the gun which was allegedly used as part of the offense, it could be possible to have the gun suppressed, which would eliminate the prosecutor’s ability to bring the gun charges. Likewise, if police conducted an illegal interrogation by failing to provide Miranda warnings, it could be possible to have a defendant’s inculpatory statement suppressed.

• Challenging Possession. In many gun cases, it may be possible to challenge whether the defendant actually possessed the gun. This could be through challenging the credibility of the agents or officers on cross-examination where they claim that the gun was actually on the defendant or by showing that the defendant did not actually know about or have control of a firearm in a case involving constructive possession allegations.

• Challenging Drug Trafficking. As the statute makes clear, the mandatory minimum only applies where there is some relationship between the firearm and gun trafficking. Even if prosecutors in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania can prove that the defendant possessed the gun, it may be possible to challenge the allegations that the defendant was engaged in drug trafficking. This would be a defense to the gun charges as well because the gun charges are dependent on the drug trafficking charges.

These are just a sample of potential defenses for a gun and drug case, and there may be other defenses which apply in your case. Further, in some cases, prosecutors may have strong evidence, and it may be possible to negotiate a better deal for the client so that the client can avoid these extreme mandatory minimum sentences. Our experienced federal gun charges lawyers have the experience and expertise to fight your case and help you obtain the best possible result.

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